What is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is best understood as a learning process in which behaviors are modified based on the consequences they produce. This mechanism involves reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and punishment, which decreases its likelihood. The key element of operant conditioning is the idea that behaviors are shaped and maintained by their outcomes—reinforcers can be positive (adding a desirable stimulus) or negative (removing an aversive stimulus), while punishers can similarly be applied in either format.

Choosing the option that defines operant conditioning accurately focuses on its dual nature—reinforcement and punishment both play crucial roles in shaping behavior. This contrasts with other options that narrow the scope; for instance, one option limits operant conditioning to punishment alone, overlooking the equally important role of reinforcement. Another option connects operant conditioning to emotional responses, which is more aligned with classical conditioning principles. Lastly, the mention of cognitive dissonance speaks to a different psychological concept that does not pertain to operant conditioning at all. Thus, the correct choice encapsulates the comprehensive definition of this key learning theory in psychology.