What is defined as data or information collected by observation or experimentation in research?

The correct choice, which identifies data or information collected by observation or experimentation, is empirical evidence. Empirical evidence refers to information that is acquired through direct or indirect observation or experimentation, making it fundamental to scientific research. This type of evidence is based on actual experience or observation, rather than on theory or pure logic. It is essential in validating hypotheses and theories by providing measurable and observable support.

Qualitative data, on the other hand, refers specifically to non-numerical information that describes qualities or characteristics but does not inherently capture the direct observational or experimental data aspect in a quantitative manner. Hypothetical evidence is based on conjectures or theories rather than actual observed data, making it less reliable in research contexts. Statistical evidence pertains to information represented through numerical analysis, often derived from empirical data, but it does not fully encapsulate the observation or experimentation element inherent in the definition of empirical evidence.